পাগল
pagol
Provenance: Reviewed field-research record
Word class
Adjective; substantivized person label
Lexical status
Established polysemous word; its local boundaries are contested.
Recorded forms
পাগল; পাগল ও না আবার সুস্থ ও না; নেশাগ্রস্থ পাগল; আসল পাগল; ব্রেন কাজ করসে না; খেয়াল থাকে না; ও মানসিক রোগী, ও কোন পাগল না; ওনাকে আমি পাগল ধরে নিছি; জিনে ধরাও হইতে পারে; রক্তের সাথে জিন মিশে গেছে; মানসিক রোগ; মানসিক ভাবে বিপর্যস্ত; পাগল ডার টান বেশি; পাগল হইয়া যায়গা; পাগল অইয়া গেছি; পাগলে কিনা কয় আর ছাগলে কিনা খায়; আমার লাইগা পাগল; একটা কথা বললে দশ টা কথা শুনাই দেই; আমরা পাগল হইলেও আমরা বুঝি; হেই পাগল হয়ে গেছে; উন্মাদ পাগল মানুষরে বললে মানুষ বলে পাগল; মানুষ পাগল বলে; পাগল হইতেছে পাগল ওয় কাউরেই চিনে না; মানসিক রোগ না; কথা বলা সম্ভব; ভয়টা কেটে গেছে
Research meaning — English
1. One speaker defines a severe condition through leaving home, indiscriminate eating and hitting, calling it the extreme of mental illness. 2. Another separates being caught by jinn from pagol; a self-description simultaneously asserts understanding, rights and the need for support. 3. A participant describes people applying the label without understanding the person’s inner experience. 4. Within one discussion, R6 distinguishes Pagol from mental illness, while R2 places them in the same category and associates them with the same treatment. Additional transcript evidence: 1. Pagol serves different functions: recognizing affection, reporting spiritual esteem, hyperbolic healer-seeking enthusiasm, expressing one’s own distressed circumstances and identifying a household locally. 2. The caregiver invokes a Pagol/goat proverb to dismiss the possibility of counting or fully reporting the person’s utterances. 3. Being Pagol for the mother describes strong attachment/dependence within a wider illness account. 4. An externally applied Pagol label is explained through many replies to one remark and contrast with a formerly helpful social role. 5. A person can be described as neither Pagol nor well; the speaker refuses certainty about his private hearing experience. 6. The speaker uses পাগল while insisting that people so labelled still understand and need support without harassment. 7. The speaker reports পাগল being used to justify requests for discipline and police intervention. 8. Pagol carries prior incurability/asylum associations in one account, but categories and capacities vary: substance-associated versus real Pagol and unusual speech despite retained personal understanding. 9. Recognition as pagol can require conspicuous behaviour such as clothing loss, while other mental difficulties remain unrecognized. Pagol functions as an anticipated or experienced response to disclosure, linked to sitting alone and lacking an opportunity to be heard. Pagol is used figuratively for intense eagerness to obtain care for a relative, alongside a contrasting reported Mental label used to withhold care. One speaker reserves Pagol for loss of recognition and a damaged-brain category, explicitly excluding it from what he calls mental illness/worry. Another uses Pagol while recognizing hunger, suffering and personhood in the person so labelled. Additional temporal use: an earlier পাগল label accompanied avoidance and fear, while later recognition and conversation make approach seem possible (the source transcript). A follow-up participant similarly reports moving from fear of being hit to approaching people after training (OCT05-a source record a source record–a source record).
Research meaning — Bengali
1. কারও বর্ণনায় বিচারবোধ, স্ব-যত্ন ও আচরণের গুরুতর পরিবর্তনের নাম। 2. অন্য বক্তার কাছে জ্বিনে ধরা আলাদা; নিজের অধিকার ও বোঝার ক্ষমতা অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখেও কেউ শব্দটি গ্রহণ করেন। 3. ভেতরের অবস্থা না বুঝেই অন্যকে দেওয়া সামাজিক নাম। 4. একই আলোচনায় কেউ মানসিক অসুস্থতা থেকে পাগলকে আলাদা করেন, অন্যজন দুটিকে একই শ্রেণিতে রাখেন। Additional transcript evidence: 1. বিশ্লেষণ: পাগল শব্দ স্নেহবোধ, আধ্যাত্মিক সম্ভাবনা, প্রবল আগ্রহ, বিপন্নতার নিজের বর্ণনা ও এলাকার পরিচিতি—ভিন্ন ভিন্ন কাজে ব্যবহৃত। 2. প্রবাদটি দিয়ে পাগল নামে চিহ্নিত ব্যক্তির কথার হিসাব রাখাকে অসম্ভব বলা হয়েছে। 3. আমার জন্য পাগল বলা এখানে মায়ের সঙ্গে থাকা ও তাঁর সাহায্যের ওপর নির্ভরতার অর্থে এসেছে। 4. অন্যের দেওয়া পাগল নামের ব্যাখ্যায় অতিরিক্ত পাল্টা কথা বলা ও আগের সামাজিক ভূমিকা হারানোর তুলনা আসে। 5. পাগল ও সুস্থের মাঝামাঝি অবস্থার কথাও বলা হয়, সঙ্গে অন্যের অদৃশ্য শব্দ শোনা সম্পর্কে অজ্ঞতা স্বীকার করা হয়। 6. পাগল নাম গ্রহণ করেও বক্তা বোঝার ক্ষমতা, পাশে থাকার প্রয়োজন এবং না-জ্বালানোর অধিকার দাবি করেন। 7. পাগল বলা শাসন বা পুলিশি হস্তক্ষেপ চাওয়ার যুক্তি হিসেবেও ব্যবহৃত হয় বলে বক্তা জানান। 8. পাগল-এর পুরোনো অচিকিৎস্য ধারণা বদলানোর বয়ান আছে; বোধের অভাব বা নেশার সঙ্গে সম্পর্কও একভাবে বলা হয়নি। 9. পাগল নামে চেনার সীমা ও মানসিক সমস্যার সীমা এক নয়। সমস্যা বললে পাগল বলা হবে এমন অভিজ্ঞতা বা আশঙ্কা নীরবতার সঙ্গে যুক্ত; এতে নিজের বোধ হারানোর সংজ্ঞা দেওয়া হয়নি। এখানে পাগল হইতেছে চিকিৎসায় নেওয়ার প্রবল তাগিদ বা ব্যাকুলতার রূপক। একই অনুচ্ছেদে মেন্টাল বলা অন্য একজনকে চিকিৎসা না দেওয়ার যুক্তি হিসেবে আসে। এক বক্তা পাগলকে অন্য মানুষ চিনতে না পারা ও ব্রেন নষ্ট হওয়ার শ্রেণি হিসেবে মানসিক রোগ/দুশ্চিন্তা থেকে আলাদা করেন। অন্য বয়ানে পাগল নাম ব্যবহার করেও মানুষটির খিদে, কষ্ট ও মানুষ হিসেবে মর্যাদা স্বীকার করা হয়। পাগল নামটি দূরে থাকা ও সম্ভাব্য মারধরের ভয় তৈরি করতে পারে; পরিচিত ব্যক্তির বদলে যাওয়া ব্যবহার ও প্রশিক্ষণের পরে সেই দূরত্ব কমে কথা বলা সম্ভব বলে মনে হয়।
What this research adds
Confirms the severe-disruption sense, while specifying situated behavioural criteria. The local account supplies observable criteria and an institutional association, not a validated diagnosis. Complicates a single deficit-based definition. Contrasting stances show that being called pagol does not establish loss of understanding or one agreed cause. Extends lexical meaning through the social act of naming. Documents an explicit critique of labeling rather than endorsing the label’s accuracy. Contested local boundary within the broad lexical illness field. The research demonstrates incompatible classifications in the same conversation; a shared word does not establish a shared definition. Additional transcript evidence: Adds contextual lexical range without flattening these into one illness definition or treating every occurrence as insult. Adds a pragmatic use of animal comparison: making speech unbounded/unaccountable, not a literal equivalence between people and animals. The same person can be called Pagol both as illness label and relational intensifier; context determines the sense. Shows labelling as an interpersonal act, including children’s usage, rather than a participant’s own diagnostic identification. Already present in baseline P01: retain surrounding epistemic limits, not a rediscovered new headword or new independent case. Counters a simple equation between the label and absence of understanding; locates rights language within a prompted discussion. Adds the label’s practical role in authorizing punitive responses within this reported encounter. Adds change over time, an explicit subtype contrast and a negative case against total loss of understanding. Adds naming thresholds and providers’ explicit rejection of mental illness equals pagol. Adds the practical silencing function of a social label; it is not a diagnostic self-definition. Adds within-paragraph variation in the function of mental-health language: motivated care-seeking versus devaluing the person needing care. The exact boundary is an emic distinction based on recognition, not simply a milder/severer version of a shared diagnosis. The second context prevents treating every use of the label as proof of a single uniform attitude. Adds observable relational change in the worker’s account, rather than assuming one stable dangerousness meaning.
मानसिक स्वास्थ्य से संबंध
The extracts offer conflicting boundaries for Pagol, including extreme disturbance and a distinction from mental illness. Recognition, understanding, wandering and social treatment are separate matters for inquiry rather than one symptom package. No psychiatric diagnosis or universal clinical equivalent is established by this expression. The clinical discussion is an analyst comparison, separate from the speaker’s own explanation. A situated expression or explanatory account, not a diagnosis. Preserve prompts, denials and uncertainty. Identify who is being described and whether the use is figurative before any clinical interpretation. The material adds locally negotiated boundaries and attitudes around a label already indexed. Analyst: distinguishes the social effects of labeling from an assessment of violence.
Safe messaging for media
- Use the expression in its stated context; do not present it as a diagnosis or universal translation.
- Avoid describing a person by a stigmatizing term unless the person self-identifies that way and the wording is necessary.
- For suicide-related coverage, avoid method detail, sensational headlines, and single-cause explanations; include help-seeking information.
- Link to this entry’s evidence limits and distinguish contributor wording from analyst interpretation.
Established meaning — English
1. Mad, crazed or lacking ordinary judgement. [PLEX01] 2. Intoxicated. [PLEX01] 3. Captivated or intensely fascinated. [PLEX01] 4. Uncomprehending or childishly insistent. [PLEX01] 1. Mad, crazed or lacking ordinary judgement. [PLEX01] 2. Intoxicated. [PLEX01] 3. Captivated or intensely fascinated. [PLEX01] 4. Uncomprehending or childishly insistent. [PLEX01] [PLEX01]
Established meaning — Bengali
1. বিচারবোধ হারানো বা উন্মত্ত অবস্থা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত। [PLEX01] 2. মত্ত বা মাতাল। [PLEX01] 3. কোনো কিছুতে প্রবলভাবে মুগ্ধ বা মগ্ন। [PLEX01] 4. অবুঝ বা বোঝে না এমন। [PLEX01] 1. বিচারবোধ হারানো বা উন্মত্ত অবস্থা বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত। [PLEX01] 2. মত্ত বা মাতাল। [PLEX01] 3. কোনো কিছুতে প্রবলভাবে মুগ্ধ বা মগ্ন। [PLEX01] 4. অবুঝ বা বোঝে না এমন। [PLEX01] [PLEX01]
इस्तेमाल का संदर्भ
A potentially stigmatizing person label; E0005 also shows strategic self-naming with a claim to rights. Dictionary historical labels are described, not recommended clinical terminology. Additional transcript evidence: The speaker is object of the label; retailers’ language is reported, not endorsed clinical judgment. Her husband’s violence predates and continues through illness; the label alone cannot explain all violence. Reported coercion is not endorsed or independently verified. Being told one has a mental problem may be heard as an insult. Asked whether she tells others and whether telling would help. This is the respondent’s generalized comparison of families, not proof about every family or literal diagnosis of the eager relative. A roadside account includes both women’s discomfort and later regret, while the narrator insists on the labelled person’s humanity. Two different CHW source contexts; they are not assumed to concern the same worker or patient, or to prove longitudinal programme causality.
Learning from the accounts
Reported effects
E0002 invokes severe disruption; E0005 demands companionship rather than harassment. These are different positions, not universal effects of the word. A further speaker links public labeling of a woman as Pagol with difficulty marrying; this is a general social account rather than documentation of a particular failed marriage. Withdrawal and missed disclosure opportunity are described together. The figurative formulation highlights persistence despite lack of money. The first speaker objects to separating people with worry from family and sending them to an asylum. In the second account food is offered and death evokes regret, even after unwanted touching had caused annoyance. The reported consequence is reduced distance and greater willingness to approach; no measured change in risk or illness severity is shown.
Attributed origins
E0215 separates jinn attribution from this category; E0002 supplies no single causal origin. Social naming/listening conditions, not an illness etiology. Prompted by a question about barriers to scientific treatment. The speaker links his distinction to prior education; his own definition of mental illness centers poverty, marital conflict and worry. These are his explanatory categories. F06 recounts earlier hitting and present changed interaction; the follow-up respondent attributes her changed approach to training.
Variation and visualization
The selected passages explicitly disagree about what the category entails. No claim that everyone visualizes the same person or that corpus frequency equals population prevalence. Additional transcript evidence: The father’s spiritual teaching is reported; job-loss usage does not establish psychiatric onset. Locator use and self-use require their own contexts. Do not generalize a single speaker’s normal-knowledge criterion to all participants. This is providers’ report of public naming, not direct community consensus. The account does not establish what everyone means by Pagol or that every listener uses it. The meaning of Pagol depends on grammatical target and activity; it cannot be assigned one clinical sense. The participant’s marked distinction between পাগল and মানসিক রোগ cannot be exported to all speakers. The humane care account is about a man labelled পাগল; it is not an attestation of the feminine word পাগলি. The interviewer supplies the formulation that fear has gone in a source record a source record; the participant endorses it in a source record.
क्या अनिश्चित है
The label does not establish the condition of any named person without their own account and an assessment of the specific reported changes. Retain Pagol with a contextual gloss because an English diagnostic name would erase its disputed scope and social force. No psychiatric diagnosis or universal clinical equivalent is established by this expression. The clinical discussion is an analyst comparison, separate from the speaker’s own explanation. Neither recognition failure nor the label itself establishes a diagnosis. The reported drowning/death account does not establish suicidal intent. Cannot generalize dangerousness, its absence, or a training effect to all people with mental illness.
Commonness and evidence limits
Pagol recurs across the source groups, but the quotations are purposively selected. They establish breadth of use and competing meanings, not the percentage of participants or community members who use it. These are selected qualitative occurrences in supplied source files and versions. Repeated files or passages do not add independent testimony. Neither frequency in the population nor identical understanding or private imagery is established by these selections. Selected uses within the same supplied interviews; not new participants, independent replication, population prevalence or proof of identical private visualization. These are selected source occurrences, not population frequencies. Duplicate files and reused evidence do not add independent testimony. No shared private image is established. Selected contrasting uses come from two Korail interviews, not a prevalence measure. Added evidence/senses from the supplied CHW contexts, not new interviews. Repeated files, reused paragraphs and observer judgments do not establish prevalence, consensus or universal imagery.
Relationships and comparison
These are scoped relationships from the research record, not claims of universal equivalence.
Synonyms and near-synonyms
উন্মাদ (Bangla): Dictionary-based near-synonym, limited to the stated sense — The madness sense only; not every affectionate, fascinated or socially imposed use. [PLEX14]
Antonyms and contrasts
সুস্থ (Bangla): Contextual contrast, not a universal lexical antonym: the speaker places a relative as neither Pagol nor well. — The specific intermediate-position account in E0393
Related terms
No separate related-term record supplied. P05
Across languages
Hindi / Urdu: पागल / پاگَل (pāgal) — mad; foolish; distressed Documented corresponding word Shares a range of mental-disruption and evaluative senses. Lexical correspondence does not establish identical stigma, behaviour thresholds or supernatural explanations. [PLEX21]
অংশগ্রহণকারী: পাগল বলতে আমরা যেটা দেখি বা বুঝি যেটা সে ঘর বাড়ি ছেড়ে পুরা এলাকার বাইরেই চলে গেলো তার কোনো হিতায়াত জ্ঞান বলতে কিচ্ছু নাই। সে পাগলামি ই করবে। পাগলামিই শুরু করলো। যখন যেটা পাইলো খাইলো, যখন যারে পাইলো মারলো। এটাই হচ্ছে পাগল। মানসিক রোগের চূড়ান্ত রূপটাই হচ্ছে পাগল। যার কারণে পাবনাতে হাসপাতাল করছে,মেন্টাল হাসপাতাল। এখানে ত পাগল গুলো নিয়েই ভর্তি করায়।
All evidence IDs: E0001; E0002; E0003; E0004; E0005; E0006; E0214; E0215; E0216; E0217; E0393; E0394; E0395; E0569; E0570; E0571; E0572; E0731; E0752; E0762; E0758; E0759; E0945; E0946; E0947; E0948; E0949; E1001; E1075; E1174; E1175; E1176; E1177; E1228; E1295; E0679; E0680; E0681; E1377; E1477; E1429; E1431; E1758; E1759; E1760; E1178; E1761; E1158; E1822; E1823; E0763; E0765; E2053; E2054; E2055; E2056
Literature notes and references
LN001: Interviews with 60 young men in Bhashantek identified tension alongside pagol, matha kharap, tar chira and mental. Participants associated the latter vocabulary with externally visible disturbance and head/brain dysfunction. The present corpus permits comparison across speakers and situations; differences of samples and methods prevent treating either vocabulary as a diagnostic or universal classification. [PLIT01] LN002: Khulna interviews with eight university students and five caregivers linked madness labels with stigma and difficulties disclosing problems or obtaining help. This small purposive study supplies comparative context, not a prevalence estimate. [PLIT02]
अलग-अलग संदर्भों से नज़रिए
नज़रिए एक साथ दिखाए जाते हैं। समानता का मतलब बराबरी नहीं है। कोई भी एक नज़रिया पूरी संस्कृति की बात नहीं कहता।