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ADHD; হাইপার; অস্থির

ADHD; haipar; osthir

সংক্ষিপ্ত রোগনাম; বিশেষণ / clinical acronym; adjectives

A speaker equates being very hyper with ADHD; later child accounts describe restlessness and anticipated responses to restriction.

অই যেই লাউ অই কদু

oi jei lau oi kodu

evaluative proverb

A same-gourd proverb used to judge treatment as producing no change, despite complying with dietary and purity restrictions after promised speech recovery.

অকেজো

okejo

বিশেষণ; করা-সহ কার্যকারক রূপ / adjective with causative construction

Being made incapacitated or unable to function.

অটিজম

otijom

বিশেষ্য/বিকাশগত রোগশ্রেণি / developmental-condition noun

One CHW names a training topic; another speaker labels a young woman as autistic while criticizing others’ Pagol naming.

অধিকার; অধিকার থেকে বঞ্চিত

odhikar; odhikar theke bonchito

বিশেষ্য; স্বচ্ছ বাক্যাংশ / noun and transparent phrase

An ill person’s claim to treatment: the participant interprets not providing treatment as deprivation of a right, in response to an interviewer-introduced rights frame (the source transcript).

অধৈর্য; অসহ্য হয়ে যাওয়া

odhoirjo; oshohyo hoye jaoa

expression / phrase

A state of exhausted patience after prolonged endurance, expressed through wanting to leave the household situation.

অনুশোচনা; আশংকা; মনের সন্দেহ

onushochona; ashonka; moner shondeho

Abstract nouns and possessive noun phrase

অন্ধবিশ্বাস; অন্ধ বিশ্বাস

ondhobishshash

noun; compound

Two medicine sellers use the expression to evaluate beliefs supporting healer use or family resistance to medical treatment.

অপদস্ত

opodosto

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

A reported accusation of humiliation or mistreatment within an account of family beating and restraint; the caregiver subsequently acknowledges also striking the person.

অপরাধী; দোষী দোষী ভাবা

oporadhi; doshi doshi bhaba

Adjective/noun; self-appraisal construction

A husband reports his wife holding herself responsible for all the problems, within a family-conflict account.

অবসেসিভলি চিন্তা

obsesivli chinta

borrowed modifier + cognitive verb phrase

A provider’s description of intense preoccupation with relationships, associated in one reported case with difficulty caring for children.

অবহেলা; মূল্যায়ন

obohela / mullyayon

relational evaluation nouns

A sense of not receiving due regard or dignity even where practical care exists; the speaker places neglect alongside recognition/valuation as contrasting aspects of care.

অভিমান; প্রেম এ ছেকা টেকা

obhiman; prem e cheka teka

Emotion noun; colloquial verbal idiom

A participant reports anger, অভিমান and ক্ষোভ in a suicide account after marital conflict and absent parental-home support.

অমানুষ

omanush

noun/adjective; moral condemnation

A morally condemnatory contrast with being human in discussion of concealed illness and obtaining treatment.

অলসতা

olosota

expression / phrase

A provider’s reported label of laziness for not doing work, accompanied by a prediction that this state would persist.

অশান্তির আগুনে জ্বলতেছি

oshantir agune joltēchhi

expression / phrase

Burning in the fire of unrest expresses inner distress alongside exhausting work and literal sun/heat, with raised temper described in the same passage.

অসহায়

oshahay

adjective / person-description

A description of psychiatric patients as needing help, used as the nurse shifts from fear to compassion.

অস্থিরতা; উত্তেজনা; মন টা উচাজর; উত্তাল

osthirata; uttejana; mon ta uchajor; uttal

Abstract nouns and state descriptions

অস্বস্তি; অশান্তি; আনিজি

oshosti; oshanti; uneasy

Abstract nouns; English-derived feeling predicate

আওয়াজ; অশরীরী; গায়েবি আওয়াজ

awaj; oshoriri; gayebi awaj

Sound noun; adjective; adjective–noun phrase

আকতি জানানো

akoti janano; probable akuti janano

বিশেষ্যসহ ক্রিয়াপদবন্ধ / noun–verb expression

An urgent appeal to get out of the water, as a participant interprets the person depicted on a mental-health banner.

আঘাত পাওয়া

aghat paoa

expression / phrase

Being hurt in family or romantic relationships, offered by the speaker as an explanation of some self-harm or suicide stories.

আছর

achhor / asor

বিশেষ্য / noun

The research uses the noun for an attributed influence, sometimes in a healer’s narrative and sometimes among competing treatment explanations.

আত্মবিশ্বাস / কনফিডেন্স

atmabishwas / konfidence

noun

Confidence includes trust in a doctor, religious care or the identity of a remote provider, as well as confidence lost through unsuccessful care.

আনন্দ পাই

anondo pai

noun plus experiencer verbal construction

Pleasure in attending care and hearing supportive words; the participant rejects the interviewer’s assumption that attending is necessarily experienced as hardship.

আপডাউন

apdaun

borrowed activity expression

Repeated to-and-fro walking, explicitly unpacked by the caregiver as going from one side to another.

আফসোস

afsos

expression / phrase

Regret or sorrow over care without benefit or missing practical assistance; one account connects afsos with having a long-desired daughter and present suffering, leaving longing versus regret ambiguous.

আবুল তাবুল স্বপ্ন

abul tabul shopno

Modified noun phrase

The participant describes dream-linked abrupt waking and later attributes cessation of these dreams to recitation and treated water, while denying a general sleep problem.

আবোল-তাবোল; উলট পালট কথা; বেসাইজ কথা; গায়েবি কথা

abol-tabol; ulot-palot kotha; besize kotha; gayebi kotha

Evaluative noun/adjectival phrases for speech

আমল করা

amol kora

ক্রিয়াপদ / verbal expression

To carry out religious practice oneself.

আরগাহা

argaha

অস্পষ্ট গঠন; ক্রিয়াবাচক ব্যবহার / uncertain form; action-related use

Care activity increased after training: approaching, sitting and speaking, as the participant explains it.

আরাম

aram

বিশেষ্য / noun

A measure of ease or comfort in bodily hardship and unrest, used for cooling while working and relative comfort in moving about during different seasons.

আলগা দোষ

alga dosh

বিশেষ্যবাচক বাগ্‌প্রকাশ / noun phrase

One healer explains Alga through jinn, ghosts and wind/influence; another supplies laughter as a sign of Agla dosh.

আশ্বস্ত করা; আশ্বস্থ বোধ; ফ্রি করা

ashwasto kora; free kora

adjective and causative verbal expressions; reassurance

Reassuring someone and putting them at ease so they can speak openly.

আশ্রয়

ashroy

Noun; relational support

In the answer about useful neighbourhood help, আশ্রয় means a form of social backing: telling the caregiver how to proceed, helping with an injection and watching over the affected person.

ইনসাইট

insait

borrowed noun

A trainee uses insight for increasing public recognition of mental illness and treatment; interviewers use it for understanding gained from an account.

ইন্ট্রোভার্ট; এক্সট্রোভার্ট

introbhart; ekstrobhart

বিশেষ্য/বিশেষণ / person noun; adjective

Academic pressure is said to cause a shift; after an illness-name prompt, another participant explicitly corrects introvert as a type.

ইন্ডিকেট করা

indiket kora

Borrowed verb with Bangla light verb করা

To identify or classify what kind of patient someone is, in a medicine seller’s account of skill acquired through training.

ইলিভেন আউয়ারে

iliven auyare

borrowed idiomatic adverbial phrase with Bengali locative ending

The clinician describes arriving very late for psychiatric care after other treatment, when he says care has become more complicated.

উদাসীর মতো; লুকাইতাম; নিজে আটকায়া থাকতাম

udashir moto; lukaitam; nije atkaya thaktam

Simile; first-person behavioural verb clauses

field research isolation

উদুরের ধন

udurer dhon

maternal attachment metaphor

A maternal treasure expression for one’s own child, invoked to resist abandoning an adult daughter and to anticipate her exposure to abuse without care.

উপরি

upori

Noun phrase and contextual affliction labels; underlying উপরি also has ordinary adverbial uses.

উপরে ব্যাধি marks a problem presented as within a kabiraj’s expertise.

উসিলা

usila

noun

A means or intermediary through whom God provides care; the participant applies this to a doctor.

উস্তুর

ustur

reported adjectival/person-state expression

An unfamiliar term used in reported claims of being unclothed.

উৎপাত

utpat

noun; behavioral evaluation

Disruptive conduct, used by one CHW in a severity/referral account; the word evaluates behavior rather than naming a specific disease.

এই রোগের কোনো চিকিৎসা নাই

ei roger kono chikitsa nai

expression / phrase

A community-reported claim that the illness has no treatment or will not improve, used to explain not seeking care; the caregiver has not independently verified it.

এডিক্টেড; আসক্ত

edikted; asokto

ধার-করা বিশেষণ; বিশেষণ / borrowed adjective; adjective

Edikted covers both substances and an insistent demand for a mobile phone in different provider accounts.

এতিম

etim

Noun or attributive designation; relational vulnerability

The wife calls the adult husband এতিম because both parents have died and says this is a reason she does not leave.

এ্যানযাইটি ডিসওর্ডার; ফবিয়া

aenyaiti disordar; fobiya

রোগশ্রেণিবাচক পদগুচ্ছ; বিশেষ্য / clinical phrase; noun

The first term occurs in a possible-problems list; phobia occurs in another speaker’s comparison of medical and hujur recognition.

কইতেও পারিনা সইতেও পারিনা

koiteo parina shoiteo parina

parallel idiom of constrained agency

Being unable both to voice suffering and to endure it, specifically because speaking may bring violence from family members.

কথা টানা

kotha tana

ritual verbal expression

A reported divinatory/possession-related practice in which a healer on a prayer mat “pulls” speech, expecting a named presence to arrive and answer.

কথা মাইরা দিবো

kotha maira dibo

Expression; context-specific phrase

A verbal-striking expression for neighbours using an opportunity to deliver hurtful comments in relation to illness.

কনভার্সন ডিস অর্ডার

konvarson dis ordar

borrowed clinical noun phrase

A professional label in hospital case lists, without a symptom-based definition in those extracts.

কবজ

koboj

ritual object noun

A named component/object associated with an amulet.

কবিরাজি

kobiraji

noun/adjective; practitioner activity

Kabiraj practice as a broad care category.

কবিরাজি সমস্যা; কবিরাজের রোগ; ডাক্তারের রোগ

kobiraji shomossha

explanatory noun phrase

A problem categorized by others as belonging to a healer’s domain, here connected to a jinn account.

কমপ্লায়েন্স / নন-কমপ্লায়েন্স

komplaiens / non-komplaiens

borrowed clinical-care nouns

Professional vocabulary for maintaining medication and follow-up, or failing to maintain them.

কয়লা বানায় ফেলছে

koila banay felchhe

metaphorical verbal expression

A reported brother’s image of the caregiver being reduced to coal, alongside being made a laborer, through repeated treatment spending.

কষা হয়ে গেছিল শরীর

kosha hoye gechhilo shorir

Expression; context-specific phrase

A whole-body formulation whose immediate context describes constipation or very limited bowel movements during an admission-related history.

কষ্ট; মনের কষ্ট

koshto; moner koshto

Noun; noun phrase

Across these accounts, কষ্ট covers emotional pain, difficult living conditions, experiences of caregiving and heat-related bodily discomfort.

কাউন্সেলিং

kaunseling

borrowed care noun

A named talking/explanatory care component, listed with medication and psychotherapy and also used for explaining treatment boundaries.

কান দেওয়া; কান না দেওয়া

kan deoa; kan na deoa

যৌগিক ক্রিয়া / verbal idiom

Additional negative-construction use: declining to heed taunts is recommended so family members can continue school, shopping and seeking care (the source transcript).

কামরায়

kamray

pain-quality verb

A verb characterizing head pain, alongside pain from both sides toward the crown and burning.

কারো কথা শুনতে পারি না

karo kotha shunte pari na

descriptive verbal expression

Difficulty tolerating other people’s speech or shouting; bodily burning, restlessness or anger may accompany it.

কাহিল; অবশ

kahil

expression / phrase

Feeling depleted or worn out in a discussion of bathing, washing and caring while the caregiver herself is unwell.

কি হারাই গেসে, কি নাই

ki harai gese, ki nai

indefinite feeling expression

An occasional feeling that something has been lost, is missing or is going away, without specifying what.

কুলাইতে পারি না

kulaite pari na

expression / phrase

Being unable to keep up or make one’s strength/resources suffice under ageing, paid work and care demands.

কুসংস্কার

kushongskar

noun

An evaluative word for customary treatment beliefs, healer use, or socially framed barriers to psychiatric care.

কেচা মারে

kecha mare

opaque pain expression

An unexplained phrase embedded in an account of chest pain and a striking episode during which the speaker says she sees nothing.

কোরআন তিলাওয়াত শোনা

Quran tilawat shona

Verbal noun phrase; listening as a care practice

Listening to Quranic recitation is named as this speaker’s response when his mood is very low.

ক্লান্ত / এক্সহস্টেড

klanto / ekshosted

adjective / state expression

Tiredness associated with heat or workload; the psychiatrist adds reduced concentration and effects on personal life.

ক্ষত শুকাতে সময় লাগে

khoto shukate shomoy lage

figurative verbal phrase

Psychological recovery after disaster is expressed through a wound that takes time to dry/heal.

খয়রাত

khoyrat

Noun; charitable giving and practical help

Khoyrat is used for the speaker’s helping contribution within a discussion of referral and motivation to approach people who may need care.

খাপ খাওয়ানো; মানিয়ে নেওয়া

khap khaoyano; maniye neoa

Verbal phrases

Participants describe adapting to fire loss or a cramped urban room because alternatives are absent; needed clothing/shelter must still be obtained.

খামখেয়ালি

khamkheyali

Noun/adjective; আচরণবাচক construction

A speaker calls failures of cooking, listening and compliance khamkheyali and classifies them as mental problems.

খোঁজ নেওয়া

khoj neoa

verbal expression; care follow-up

Actively checking on someone’s care and living situation, contrasted here with merely exchanging greetings.

খোঁটা দেওয়া

khonta deoa

ক্রিয়াপদ / verbal expression

To taunt a parent by invoking a child labelled পাগল; the CHW connects anticipated comments with parents feeling diminished (the source transcript).

গর্ব

gorbo

noun; pride

Pride in having learned and helped people reach care.

গলাটা ভেঙ্গে যায়; ভাঙ্গা ভাঙ্গা রাও

golata bhenge jay; bhanga bhanga rao

expression / phrase

Voice breaking and broken-sounding calls are used by the caregiver as recognizable signs preceding a worsening episode.

গল্প করা; কথা বলা

golpo kora; kotha bola

ক্রিয়াগুচ্ছ / verb constructions

Talking or chatting with someone when feeling low, and passing time in conversation with friends.

গা ছিম ছিম করে; ভয় যেন ব্লাস্ট হবে

ga chhim chhim kore; bhoy jeno blast hobe

Body-sensation clause; intensified fear simile with an English borrowing

গা বন্ধ; গায়ে বন্ধন

ga bondho; gaye bondhon

ক্রিয়াবাচক/বিশেষ্য পদগুচ্ছ / action or noun phrase

Ga bondho names a healer-provided protective action; gaye bondhon is explained through unspecified material placed inside an amulet.

গাফিলতি; আলসামি

gafiloti

care-related self-evaluative noun

A caregiver’s self-blaming description of gaps in treatment continuity, despite explicit financial and travel barriers.

গারজিয়ান / গাজ্জিয়ান

garjian / gajjiyan

Borrowed noun; care and representation role

A person who stands alongside someone, accompanies or arranges treatment, and represents them in social matters.

গালি; খারাপ কথা; বাজে মন্তব্য

gali; kharap kotha; baje montobbo

বিশেষ্য; বিশেষ্যগুচ্ছ / noun and evaluative speech phrases

Additional CHW contexts distinguish abuse attributed to an unseen addressee (F03 a source record), an intelligible response to refused money (a source record), and a husband’s complaint used to label his pregnant wife পাগল (a source record).

ঘর বন্দ করা

ghor bondo kora

house-closing/binding expression

Closing/binding the house is mentioned in response to preventing jinn approach; this passage does not resolve literal closure versus ritual protection.

ঘাড় খিচে

ghar khiche

bodily symptom expression

A short description of neck pulling or tightening during headache.

ঘাড়ের উপর আসা

gharer upor asha

illness-urgency metaphor

A neck/shoulder image for the point at which illness or trouble has become pressing enough to trigger costly medical care after other attempts.

ঘুম চলে গেলো; ভাত খাইতে পারতাম না; শরীরে বিষ-ব্যথা

ghum chole gelo; bhat khaite partam na; shorire bish-byatha

Loss/ability clauses and body-pain phrase

ঘেন্না / ঘিন্না

ghenna / ghinna

noun of aversion

Aversion toward people after hurt in loving relationships, described through difficulty loving or forming friendship.

চিলিক মারা / চিলিক পারা

chilik mara / chilik para

bodily sensation expression

A locally worded shooting or flashing bodily sensation described as moving from leg through body and through the head/neck.

চোখের পানি ফেলা; কান্নাকাটি

chokher pani fela; kannakati

ক্রিয়াগুচ্ছ; বিশেষ্য / verb phrase and noun

Crying in family distress or exclusion: shedding tears while sitting alone, parents crying out of sight, and a mother’s tearful appeal for her child to return home.

ছাড়েলা

chharela

expression / phrase

An unresolved healer-supplied explanatory label that the caregiver questions because the expected abusive or troubling behavior is absent.

ছিন্নভিন্ন

chhinnobhinno

বিশেষণ; অবস্থার পরিবর্তনের পদবন্ধ / adjective; becoming construction

People and families formerly living at the same home or homestead become scattered through river erosion and repeated displacement, disrupting their earlier social arrangement.

ছিন্নমূল

chhinnomul; chhinnamul

বিশেষণ; মানুষসূচক প্রয়োগ / adjective used of people; Adjective / noun for displaced people

A social description of people lacking settled roots/shelter.

ছ্যাক খাওয়া

chhyak khaoa

idiomatic verbal expression

Being stung or disappointed by earlier healing attempts, invoked when limiting further spending or scrutinizing a new healer’s claim.

জট

jot

বিশেষ্য / noun

One speaker makes Shiva’s influence necessary for matting, while another separates the hair explanation from being possessed.

জানের বদলে জান

janer bodole jan

ritual explanatory expression

A reported healer’s condition of substituting an animal life so the person’s dangers pass through the animal.

জামাইর মন পায় না

jamair mon pay na

negative relational verbal phrase

Failure to gain a husband’s favour or satisfy him, offered in a discussion of women earning yet being beaten.

জিওটা নষ্ট

jiota noshto

Opaque noun phrase plus predicate

The expression follows seeing an empty pitcher or a broom in an account of regional superstition.

জিকির; জিকির আস্কার

jikir; jikir askar

Contextual expression; see lexical scope; Expression; context-specific phrase

A caregiver includes doing jikir in an account of the beginning of her daughter’s difficulties.

জিদ; রাগ; চেইত্তা ফায়ার

jid; rag; chaitta fire

Affect/disposition nouns; colloquial verb phrase with English fire

field research anger

জিনের খাওয়া

jiner khaoa

expression / phrase

Eating unusually large quantities is characterized as jinn-eating within a caregiver account that also reports periods of eating little.

জীবন বের হয়ে যাওয়া; দম বন্ধ হওয়া

jibon ber hoye jaoa; dom bondho hoa

Verbal phrases

Life seeming to leave and breath seeming to stop occur in a training-recall list with fits, culpability and later return to an ordinary state.

জুলুম

julum

বিশেষ্য / noun

Oppressive or overbearing treatment.

জ্বালা

jwala

noun; figurative distress

Figurative trouble or torment, used to describe the speaker’s view that wealth can bring more worry and bedtime fear.

জ্বীনওলা কবিরাজ

jinnwala kobiraj

care-practitioner compound noun

A healer characterized as having access to jinn.

জ্বীনে ধরা

jine dhora

ক্রিয়াপদগুচ্ছ / verbal expression

A medicine seller finds recognition difficult.

ঝাড়ফুঁক; ঝাড়া

jhara / jharphuk

named ritual care action

A named healer practice discussed in care for distress or crying, with both a narrowly claimed benefit and a reported lack of benefit across accounts.

field research interpersonal harm

ঝাড়ি দেওয়া

jhari deoa

Verbal expression; interpersonal rebuke

Within the account of his mother remaining awake and handling her clothes, the son says that after he gives a little ঝাড়ি she lies or turns to one side.

ঝিনঝিনা; নিজুরি নিজুরি

jhinjhina; nijuri nijuri

expression / phrase

In this account, these uncertain local forms characterize a body that became thin and weak after fever; they do not straightforwardly name tingling.

ঝুম উঠা

jhum utha

uncertain episodic-state expression

An insufficiently defined expression marking an escalation or episode in the caregiver’s narrative before striking and damaging a door.

field research violence and harm

টর্চার

torchar

Expression; context-specific phrase

A borrowed term for perceived family coercion or torment, used around night-time behaviour and criticism of both excessive and insufficient sleep.

টাকা গেলে টাকা পাবা; জীবন গেলে জীবন পাবা না

taka gele taka paba; jibon gele jibon paba na

Expression; context-specific phrase

A proverbial comparison in a hypothetical suicide-prevention response: money can be regained, whereas life once lost cannot.

টান

tan

expression / phrase

Emotional pull or attachment to kin, described variously as a recovery sign, a motivation for care, and a relationship whose absent reciprocity may cause distress.

টেনশন; চাপ; প্রেসার; দুশ্চিন্তা

tension; chap; pressure; dushchinta

Borrowed nouns and Bengali abstract nouns

টেব্যু ভাঙা

tebyu bhanga

hybrid borrowed-noun + Bengali verb phrase

A trainee describes overcoming conventional reluctance and choosing a preferred specialty such as psychiatry instead of remaining with familiar, supposedly safer choices.

ঠাডা মাইরা বইসা থাকে

thada maira boisa thake

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

An opaque expression used while criticizing a kabiraj for not reducing charges.

ঠান্ডা মেজাজ; রাগ হয় কিন্তু করি না

thanda mejaj; rag hoy kintu kori na

Temperament phrase; contrastive feeling/action clause

ডিপ্রেশন; বিষণ্ণ

dipreshon; bishonno

রোগনাম/বিশেষ্য; বিশেষণ / clinical noun; adjective

Depression occurs as an observer’s label, recalled training category and conditional first-person distress.

ডিমেনশিয়া; ভুলে যাওয়া

dimenshiya; bhule jaowa

বিশেষ্য/রোগশ্রেণি; ক্রিয়াবাচক পদগুচ্ছ / clinical noun; verbal phrase

One CHW names a forgetting disease while querying its place within mental illness; another asserts the classification.

ডিলিউশন

diliushon

borrowed clinical noun

An interviewer-introduced clinical term subsequently discussed by the participant in relation to reported ghost/jinn explanations.

ঢং করে

dhong kore; moner shoytani

Verb phrase; moral attribution

A participant reports people dismissing a girl described as caught by jinn as pretending or engaging in mental mischief, saying nothing is wrong.

ঢালকুল নাই; সর্বস্বান্ত; নিঃস্ব

dhalkul nai; shorboshanto; nihsho

Negative clause; adjectives

ঢালকুল নাই is followed by having no viable condition and moving to Dhaka; সর্বস্বান্ত appears in a bereavement/work-migration account.

তব্দা লাগায়া ফালাইছে

tobda lagaiya falaichhe

Recorded causative verb phrase; exact base-word class unresolved

তাচ্ছিল্য

tachchhillyo

বিশেষ্য / noun

Demeaning disdain.

তাবিজ উডানো

tabij udano

reported ritual action

A reported healer procedure of removing amulets from the body, linked by the participant to feeling lighter and qualified by her mother as only partial, temporary improvement.

তাবিজ ফালায়ে দেওয়া

tabij falaye deoa

verbal phrase

Discarding an amulet because it is irritating; a separate account insists that an amulet fell off by itself when the interviewer suggests deliberate removal.

তার ছিড়া

tar chhira; mathar tar chhira

Metaphorical noun/adjective phrase

A participant explicitly compares a damaged radio/television connection with a damaged head.

তিনকালের দুইকাল চলে গেছে

tinkaler duikal chole gechhe

expression / phrase

A life-course image in which two of three periods have passed and one remains, used to explain setting aside hurt or finding little point in dwelling on it.

তেলা মাথায় তেল

tela mathay tel

expression / phrase

A proverb-like complaint that help flows toward those who already have resources or advantage, leaving the struggling caregiver without support.

তেলেসমাতি

telesmati

evaluative ritual noun

An evaluative word for earlier ritual-care performances, used in explaining a shift toward doctors after repeated spending and a failed crisis encounter.

দমন

domon

noun / verbal noun

A control/suppression term used both to evaluate containment of illness-related excitement by treatment and in family justifications for physical restraint.

দরবার

dorbar

Expression; context-specific phrase

A pir-associated gathering and activity setting involving visitors, recitation, communal food and responsibilities.

দশটা বাপ ভাই; দশটা মা-বোন

doshta bap bhai; doshta ma-bon

Expression; context-specific phrase

Kinship language for a wider circle providing consolation, material support and belonging.

দানবের মতো

danober moto; buldojar korchhe ekta

Simile; borrowed machine metaphor

A caregiver compares forceful bodily impact with a giant and a bulldozer, describing apologies and fines after harm to others.

দুঃখের কথা কারে কবো

dukher kotha kare kobo

rhetorical idiom of relational distress

A lament about having no one to tell one’s sorrow to, alongside turning to Allah.

দুধে ভাতে

dudhe bhate

বাগ্‌ধারামূলক পদগুচ্ছ / idiomatic phrase

An image of earlier material comfort.

দুর্বল

durbol

adjective with context-dependent senses

In this account, দুর্বল describes lack of money, property and means for a daughter’s marriage; elsewhere it describes bodily weakness.

দেশ ছাইড়া বিদেশ

desh chhaira bidesh

স্থানবাচক বৈপরীত্যসহ কথ্য গুচ্ছ / colloquial place contrast

Leaving one’s home area for elsewhere, expressed through a home/away contrast in an account discussing movement from Moulvibazar to Korail.

দোয়া দুরুদ; দোয়া কালাম; আল্লাহ্‌র কালাম

doa durud; doa kalam; Allah-r kalam

Noun phrases; prayers and sacred recitation

Named prayer/recitation forms used in accounts of ritual help; a speaker explicitly disclaims any guarantee of recovery.

ধরা খাওয়া

dhora khaoa

যৌগিক ক্রিয়া / colloquial verbal construction

A problem becoming apparent or identifiable.

ধান্দা; ধান্ধা

dhandha

evaluative care-economy noun

An appraisal of healer work as an earning venture, becoming a skeptical warning against further spending after ineffective care.

ধার; ঋণ; হাওলাদ

dhar; rin; haolad

বিশেষ্য; ধার করার ক্রিয়াপদবন্ধ / nouns; borrowing construction; বিশেষ্য / nouns

Borrowed money and outstanding debt connect access to care with household obligations.

ধুম ধইরা; ভুং ধরে; চুপচাপ

dhum dhoira; bhung dhore; chupchap

Adjectival/adverbial descriptions and verb phrases

ধুর ধুর ছিঃ ছিঃ

dhur dhur chhi chhi

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

A repeated interjection through which the caregiver represents contemptuous dismissal of poor people while seeking hospital admission and care.

ধৈর্য ধারণ; হায় হুতাশ

dhoirjo dharon; hay hutash

Nominal/verbal constructions

The imam recommends patience instead of lamenting, attributes the guidance to Qur’anic language and also permits practical help-seeking.

ধোনফুন; ধুনফুন

dhonphun; dhunphun

expression / phrase

An uncertain local characterization rejected in a reported protest against specially prescribed ritual food.

নত স্বীকার করা

noto shikar kora

Verbal expression; concession or apology

The caregiver describes apologizing and making a concession while explaining that the relative has a head problem.

নাভী টানা

nabhi tana

expression / phrase

Navel pulling offered in direct response to a question about care for mental problems, with claimed improvement and acknowledged limits of the provider’s abilities.

field research spiritual practice

নামাজ পড়া — ওযু করে নামাজ পড়া

namaz pora; oju kore namaz pora

Verbal phrase; prayer, with ablution specified

The speaker describes beginning prayer after ablution when he feels depression/pereshani and cannot sleep.

নিঃসঙ্গ; কেউ কারো না

nihshongo; keu karo na

Adjective; expressive negative clause

After accepting an elicited destitution description, the participant adds being like lonely people; nearby relatives also lost resources in the fire.

নিউরোটিক

niurotik

borrowed adjective / person-category modifier

A clinician’s category used to separate some conventionally jinn-labelled symptoms from psychosis.

নিজেকে তুচ্ছ লাগা

nijeke tuchchho laga

prompted adjective phrase

Feeling insignificant or without social value is an interviewer-provided formulation that the participant endorses for an earlier period and denies currently.

নিজেকে নিজে বুঝাই

nijeke nije bujhai

reflexive verbal clause; self-reassurance

Self-reassurance or reasoning with oneself, described as a way to bear worry, shortage, family conflict or extra care work.

নিজের সমস্যা নিজেই বলতে থাকি

nijer shomossha nijei bolte thaki

self-talk description

Talking through one’s own problems to oneself, offered as a personal explanation for speaking alone.

নিরাময় অযোগ্য

niramoy ojoggo

Adjectival phrase; care-service population

A trained care worker uses নিরাময় অযোগ্য for the people served by a palliative-care project.

নিশাদল

nishadol

পদার্থবাচক বিশেষ্য / material noun

The speaker names a material for several illnesses and expelling shaytan, compares it with misri and describes restricted sale.

field research spiritual explanation

নিশির ডাক

nishir dak

Noun phrase; folklore expression

নেশা; নেশাগ্রস্ত; মাদকাসক্ত; নেশাপানি

nesha; neshagrosto; madokasokto; neshapani

বিশেষ্য; বিশেষণ / nouns; adjectives

One speaker rejects a neshapani accusation while separately acknowledging cigarettes.

নেশাখোর

neshakhor

বিশেষ্য; বিশেষণ / noun; adjective

A medicine seller uses the person-label in an account of requests for sleeping tablets and attributed trouble.

পক পক করা

pok pok kora

onomatopoeic speech expression

An imitative label for recurrent talking, illustrated by accusatory address to a door and threats.

পরান ধড়ফড়

poran dhorfor

Expressive noun plus verbal construction

An unsettled পরান described alongside diabetes, weather discomfort, separation from kin and unaffordable travel/medicine.

পরিচর্যা; যত্ন নেওয়া

porichorja; jotno neoa

noun and verbal expression; care

Looking after an ill person and attending to needs alongside medicines and treatment.

পরিবার তছনছ হয়ে যায়

poribar tosnosh hoye jay

figurative verbal phrase

A family’s life is described as being torn apart through expenses, behaviour and relatives’ suffering around one member’s difficulties.

পরী

pori / parī

বিশেষ্য / noun

Pari is explicitly separated from jinn by one speaker; a healer describes a human-form appearance.

পরের খাইয়া পরের গুন গাইতে হয়

porer khaiya porer gun gaite hoy

proverb-like relational expression

A saying about speaking well of the person on whom one depends for livelihood; here it introduces an employer’s help with tension.

field research medication

পাওয়ারের অষুধ

power-er oshudh

evaluative medicine phrase

A local evaluation of medicine as powerful, associated here with excessive sleepiness and swelling, and contrasted with a later regimen experienced as better.

পাগল

pagol

Adjective; substantivized person label

One speaker defines a severe condition through leaving home, indiscriminate eating and hitting, calling it the extreme of mental illness.

পাগলা গারদ

pagla garod; Pabna

Institution noun; place-name metonym

A participant identifies an asylum in Pabna as a treatment destination.

পাগলামি

paglami; pagol pray

Noun; comparative phrase

A participant retrospectively calls not eating and throwing things away paglami.

পাগলি

pagli; pagol-chhagol; pagolir bon

Feminine person label; compound; relational phrase

A woman reports pagli in door-front talk she describes as intended to insult her.

পাগলের ডাক্তার

pagoler daktar

social noun phrase / stigmatizing occupational label

A social label for a psychiatrist that associates the professional and the service with pagol, carrying stigma for both care seekers and clinicians.

পানি পড়া; তেলপড়া; কালিজিরা পড়া; মধু পড়া

pani pora / kalijira pora / modhu pora

compound nouns for ritual treatment materials

Names for water, black seed and honey described as পড়া in healer treatment; care media rather than illness categories.

পারিবারিক; পারিবারিক রোগ

paribarik rog

noun phrase; explanatory category

One CHW calls mental illness a familial disease after training.

পাশে দাঁড়ানো

pashe darano

verbal expression; solidarity metaphor

Standing beside someone: being available and acting to help, including care access and material assistance.

পিছ লইয়া লইছে

pichh loiya loichhe

Expression; context-specific phrase

A retrospective account of being pursued or followed after performing a ritual on someone.

পেটের ভাত; পেট চলা

peter bhat; pet chola

বিশেষ্যগুচ্ছ; বাগ্‌ভঙ্গি / noun phrase and idiomatic construction

Food and the minimum means of staying alive, invoked to explain work through difficult weather, street-based earning and the inability to save for care.

পোস্ট পার্টাম ডিপ্রেশন

post partam dipreshon

borrowed clinical noun phrase

The speaker’s retrospective label for his mother’s difficulties after his birth; he learned about the episode later.

প্যাচাল / ভুগি চুগি কই

pyachal / bhugi chugi koi

speech descriptor / verbal expression

A local description of abundant self-directed or outward talk during distress, also devalued by the husband as excessive talk.

প্যানিক এটাক

pyanik etak

borrowed clinical noun phrase

A named reason for psychiatric help seeking in a trainee’s generational comparison.

প্রতারণা

protarona

বিশেষ্য / noun

Deception/cheating invoked to explain distrust of online care.

প্রতিবন্ধী

protibondhi; buddhi protibondhi; haba-goba

Person descriptor; category phrases; evaluative labels

A worker distinguishes physical, mental and intellectual categories yet glosses the latter two with boka and pagol.

প্রতিবাদ

protibad

বিশেষ্য / noun

Objecting to a claim that hijra people are bad and speaking in their defense.

field research calm and wellbeing

প্রশান্তি; মনের শান্তি; মাইন্ড ফ্রেশ

proshanti; moner shanti; mind fresh

Noun/noun phrase; English-Bangla mixed construction

One participant explains trying medical and ritual care through personally meaningful peace of mind.

ফাপর লাগে

fapor lage

expression / phrase

Discomfort associated with putting up a mosquito net, reported as the reason for refusing it; precise bodily sensation is not specified.

ফিট লেগে যাওয়া

fiṭ lege jaoyā

Verb phrase; English-origin noun plus Bengali verbal construction

A psychiatrist names ফিট লেগে যাওয়া beside incoherent speech and sudden behavioral change while explaining why, in her view, women consult traditional healers more.

ফুঁ দেওয়া

phu deowa

verbal expression for ritual blowing

In this speaker’s practice, blowing after prayer/recitation, explicitly used to explain his own ঝাড়া alongside recited water, with amulets and beating rejected.

ফ্রাস্টেটেড

frasteted

borrowed adjective

Frustration when expected immediate improvement does not occur.

ফ্রেন্ডলি

frendli

Borrowed adjective used adverbially with কথা বলে

A friendly, pleasant way of speaking with people, used to evaluate doctors’ interpersonal conduct.

বগর বগর

bogor bogor

Expressive reduplication describing speech

The caregiver characterizes ongoing solitary speech as বগর বগর, after mentioning talk about what happens across Bangladesh.

বড়লোকের খেলা

boroloker khela

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

A metaphorical criticism of an institution encountered while seeking a place for a disabled daughter: the caregiver represents it as controlled by wealthy donors and inaccessible to poor people.

বদদোয়া

boddowa / baddua

বিশেষ্য / noun

One healer extends বদদোয়া to displeasure toward someone, without requiring speech.

বদনজর

bodnojor / bod nojor

বিশেষ্য / noun

One speaker attributes harm after admiring a child to jinn’s gaze; another explicitly rejects jinn agency and names the eye’s gaze.

বাইন্ধা রাখছে

baindha rakhchhe

expression / phrase

The caregiver reinterprets the man’s repeated claim of being held or tied as captivity to shaytan and then to longstanding illness.

বাইপোলার মুড ডিজঅর্ডার

baipolar mud dijordar

borrowed clinical noun phrase

A taught or professional disorder name; one medicine seller explains it broadly as an emotional problem.

বাইরে হাইটা যাই ঘুমের মধ্যে

baire haita jai ghumer moddhe

sleep-related behaviour description

A self-description of walking outside and leaving the house during sleep, with the reason unknown to the speaker.

বাও আসা

bao asha

ritual/body-state expression

A healer’s reported state of spirit arrival, neck-centered influence and shaking, associated with knowing/seeing the client’s problem.

বাছ দেওয়া

bach deoa

verbal expression; restriction/selection practice

Imposing selections or restrictions on eating and movement as part of this healer’s care account; the actual restrictions are unspecified.

বাড়ি ধরা

bari dhora

recovery-related verbal expression

Returning to/staying at home is a caregiver’s marker of partial improvement; the same paragraph says self-talk, laughter and repeated walking remain.

field research spiritual explanation

বাতাস লাগা

batash laga

ক্রিয়াপদগুচ্ছ / verbal expression

In one discussion Alga-wind explains one-sided numbness; in another account wind is sensed without a visible apparition.

বান কাটানো

ban katano

expression / phrase

A claimed ritual treatment intended to remove ban believed inflicted on a person, listed alongside medicine and amulets.

বায়াত

bayat

Expression; context-specific phrase

A reported initiation or affiliation milestone after which others at the gathering encouraged the speaker to give ritual blowing.

বিচার-আচার; মিলিয়ে দেওয়া

bichar-achar; miliye deoa

বিশেষ্যগুচ্ছ; ক্রিয়াগুচ্ছ / noun phrase and verb construction

Relatives discuss or settle a conflict and reconcile the people involved; the speaker describes this social process while declining to say what people feel inside.

বিজ্ঞানভিত্তিক চিকিৎসা; বিজ্ঞান ভিত্তিক চিকিৎসা

bigganbhittik chikitsa

Noun phrase; evaluative care label

Science-based treatment: a training and promotional expression used to describe care through which mental illness may improve and to encourage consulting doctors.

বিড় বিড়

bir bir

ideophonic/adverbial speech descriptor

An expression for muttered or indistinct speech in a report about a relative.

বিশ্বস্থ লোক

bishwasto lok

adjective + noun phrase; trusted person

A trusted person to whom illness can be disclosed.

বুক ফাটা

buk phata

Idiomatic verbal phrase

Recalling lost houses, land and an earlier livelihood evokes chest-burst language, sighing and crying.

বুকে ক্যাচা মাইরা ধরে

buke kyacha maira dhore

embodied descriptive expression

A severe chest sensation described through a knife-injury comparison, with breathing difficulty and fear of dying; the specific meaning of ক্যাচা remains to be verified.

বেচে খাওয়া; বিক্রি করে খাওয়া

beche khaoa; bikri kore khaoa

যৌগিক ক্রিয়া / figurative verbal construction

Feared exploitation of training or institutional affiliation for personal advantage.

বেদিশা; সের পুইরা যায়

bedisha; ser puira jay

Noun/adjective; opaque verbal expression

The speaker uses the opaque expression in a general account of severe suffering and suicide, then contrasts it with a lesser degree of বেদিশা.

বেয়াদবি

beyadobi

বিশেষ্য / noun

The speaker judges it disrespectful to ask a person known through training, in return, how many patients that person referred.

বেহুশ; বেহুঁশ; সেন্সলেস; অজ্ঞান

behush; senseless; ogyan

Adjectives/state predicates; সেন্সলেস is an English borrowing

বৈঠক

boithok

expression / phrase

A proposed ritual sitting in which a healer would examine or identify the presumed presence attached to the body; ritual speech and incense/candles are described.

বৈদ্য

boiddo

Noun; practitioner designation

The caregiver identifies a provider recommended by others as a বৈদ্য and explains the term by describing people who come from village markets with snakes and give medicines.

বোঝা

bojha

বিশেষ্য / noun

An ill relative is described as a family burden, combining anticipated care responsibility with a negative valuation when expected earnings become an obligation to provide support (the source transcript, a source record).

বোবা হয়া রইসে

boba hoya roise

expression / phrase

Becoming or remaining almost silent, while some requests for money or tea and nonverbal communication remain possible.

ব্যাকডেটেড; আপডেট

byakdeted; apdet

Borrowed evaluative adjectives / predicative forms

ব্যাকডেটেড evaluates people or practices as belonging to an earlier, supposedly less informed time; আপডেট presents the speaker and contemporary society as current, educated or aware.

ব্রেইন বিকৃতি

brein bikriti

Mixed English–Bangla noun phrase

A broad reference to an altered or abnormal brain state, offered in an elliptical answer about wife-beating and mental-health problems; the person and causal direction are not fully explicit.

ব্রেইনডা পানিতে শূন্যতা

breinda panite shunyota

expression / phrase

A caregiver’s rendering of a medical explanation involving a brain insufficiently wet or filled with water.

ব্রেক ফেইল

brek feil

metaphorical verbal expression

A vehicle-brake comparison for a daughter’s rapid walking, inability to stop/control movement, and falling.

ভক্তি

bhokti

noun; devotional or trusting orientation

Respectful attachment or trusting devotion toward the practitioner, co-listed with belief as a claimed condition of improvement.

ভদ্রতা; পরিবারের সাথে মিল

bhodrota; poribarer sathe mil

noun/noun phrase; courtesy and relational harmony

Politeness as maintaining relational harmony with a family and seeking a solution; a separate account treats family reunification as central to care alongside medical treatment.

ভন্ড; ভন্ডা কবিরাজ

bhondo; bhonda kobiraj

noun/adjective; critical practitioner label

A practitioner accused of fraud or false religious/healing authority.

ভয়; ডর; ভয়ডা চাইপ্পা রইসে; ভয়ডা কাটে না

bhoy; dor; bhoyda chaippa roise; bhoyda kate na

Affect nouns and persistence/pressure clauses

ভরণপোষণ

bhoronposhon

বিশেষ্য / noun

Material maintenance/support.

ভাগ্য

bhagyo

Noun phrases and evaluative clauses; separate lineage and fortune semantic fields.

A caregiver uses বংশের ধারা to interpret a father–son pattern.

ভাত তুস তুস লাগা

bhat tus tus laga

opaque food-sensation expression

A sensory description of rice as তুস তুস during distress and inability to eat, alongside dry throat; its exact taste or texture meaning is not explained.

ভায়োলেন্ট / এগ্রেসিভ

vayolent / egresiv

borrowed behavioural adjectives

Professional descriptions of threatening or aggressive behaviour in particular care situations.

ভালো হওয়া / রিকভার

bhalo howa / rikovar

recovery verb phrase

Language of improvement or recovery after care, ranging from being much better to claims of complete wellness.

ভুক্তভোগী

bhuktobhogi

experiential/social noun

An identity grounded in having undergone the burdens of illness and care seeking.

ভূতে ধরা

bhute dhora

ক্রিয়াপদগুচ্ছ / verbal expression

One participant reports elders’ ghost attribution and contrasts the person’s silence with the unruliness he associates with jinn.

ভ্রম; হ্যালুসিনেশন; মনের ভুল

bhrom; hallucination; moner bhul

Interpretive nouns and evaluative noun phrase

মন উঠে যাওয়া; ভক্তি উইট্টা যাওয়া

mon uthe jaoa

affective/place-related idiom

Loss of attachment to living in a particular place, expressed amid family conflict, constrained housing choices and a son’s illness.

মন খারাপ; ভালো লাগে না; উৎসাহ পাই না

mon kharap; bhalo lage na; utsah pai na

State phrase; negated feeling and motivation clauses

field research mood

মন গলা; মন মানা

mon gola; mon mana

Idiomatic verb phrases; recorded inflected forms retained in evidence

মন বসা

mon bosha

affective/place-related verbal expression

Feeling settled or at home in a place, here attested negatively about returning to the village while the present locality is positively valued.

মন ভাঙা; মনের শক্তি

mon bhanga; moner shokti

Idiomatic verb phrase; noun phrase

মনমানা; মনমাতলামি

monmana; monmatlami

Locally used nominal labels

A healer glosses মনমাতলামি as a kind of pretence, compares silence with that of someone called পাগল, and distinguishes withholding an account from not knowing.

মনমালিন্য

monomalinya

noun

Interpersonal discord named beside family problems and divorce as a reason to seek help.

মনে ডাক দেওয়া

mone dak deowa

inner-prompting expression

An inner prompting or recognition that care for the mind is needed; these passages do not claim hearing an external voice.

মনের ডাক্তার

moner daktar

patient-defined care phrase

A patient’s name for a doctor who understands the mind, feelings and what the person wants; he actively asks for this care.

মনেরটা মনেই; ভিতরেরটা ভিতরে রাখা

monerta monei; bhitorerta bhitore rakha

Elliptical clause; verbal phrase

Stored-up words refer to marital/family conflict and difficulty speaking under learned gendered silencing.

মনোযোগের অভাব

monojoger obhab

Compositional noun phrase

A possible lack of attention when watching an online meeting or training alone, described alongside lack of internet or a phone as a participation barrier.

মরে যেতে ইচ্ছে করা; মইরা গেলেই ভালো

more jete ichchhe kora; moira gelei bhalo

Verbal wish and evaluative clause

NCC15 wishes for death but separately denies making an attempt.

মহাপাপ; দোষ

mohapap; dosh

বিশেষ্য / nouns

Great-sin and personal-fault language shapes advice or refusal of involvement around suicide; another speaker resists the offered moral frame through her suffering.

মাইগ্রেনের সমস্যা

maigren-er shomossha

clinical noun phrase

A clinician’s reported label for head trouble, distinguished by the speaker from her earlier mental illness and from the sleep effects of other treatment.

মাইন্ড করা

māinḍ korā

Mixed English–Bengali verb phrase

In a caregiver’s account, মাইন্ড করে accompanies রাগ করে when she searches for a prescription.

মাইন্ডে বাজা

mainde baja

affective idiom with borrowing

A felt impact or discomfort when the adult daughter asks other people for money.

মাটির দিকে তাকায়ে থাকা

matir dike takaye thaka

verbal instruction

Looking toward the ground instead of shouting when anger rises, recalled as advice from a previous doctor.

মাথা ঘোরা

matha ghora

ক্রিয়াগুচ্ছ / verb construction

Dizziness associated with falling, named alongside the speaker’s stroke and pressure explanations in an account of collapse.

মাথা ঝিকি মারে

matha jhiki mare

expression / phrase

A jerk-like movement of the head described together with demonstrated walking/jumping movements; exact movement mechanics are not established.

field research medication

মাথা ঠান্ডা রাখার ওষুধ; মাথা ঠান্ডার তেল

matha thanda rakhar oshudh; matha thandar tel

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

Names for treatments understood to cool the head: oil appears alongside amulet and shalsa care, while another caregiver describes a pharmacy-advised medicine as also called a sleep medicine.

মাথা নষ্ট

matha noshto; breiner chap; mathar brent

Metaphorical head/brain phrase family

A participant contrasts village pagol with educated society’s brain-pressure wording.

মাথা বাইরাইছি; মাথার মধ্যে বাইরাই

matha bairaisi; mathar moddhe bairai

recorded verbal construction

Head-directed striking described when head pain begins, in a conversation initiated by a suicide question.

মাথায় ছিট

mathay chhit; matar chhiter manush

Figurative head phrase; person description

A caregiver describes bringing a person with head-chhit for care and, when asked what chhit means, replies pagol.

মাথার ভেতর ঘুরপাক খাওয়া

mathar bhetor ghurpak khaoa

Figurative verbal construction

Thoughts of children’s schooling, future earnings and maintaining family life are described as circling within the head.

মাথার মধ্যে টুকর মারা

mathar moddhe tukor mara

opaque head-sensation expression

A local sensory description accompanying head pain, suggesting repeated knocks or pulses inside the head; the speaker does not separately define the lexeme.

মান সম্মান; মান সম্মান ডুবানো

man shomman dubano

reputation-loss metaphor

A family member’s accusation that the mother’s behavior will sink the family’s reputation, explicitly connected with walking among others and a son’s marriage prospects.

মানত

manot

noun

A vow or offering invoked by relatives or a fakir in relation to recovery, explicitly rejected by the participant himself.

মানবসেবা; সেবা

manabsheba; sheba

noun; care/ethical activity

Service to people, invoked as a moral and social purpose for mental-health assistance and referral.

মানসিক ভারসাম্যহীন

manoshik bharshamyo-hin; unmad; betal

Adjectival phrase; associated labels

Participants offer mental imbalance and pair pagol with udmad in lists of names.

মানসিক রোগী

manoshik rogi; boddho pagol

Noun phrase; intensifying adjective phrase

A community worker corrects her own pagol wording to manoshik rogi.

মানসিক সেবা

manoshik sheba

expression / phrase

Care through listening, conversation and company for distress connected with hunger, family problems and neglect, including among people not framed as designated mental patients.

মানসিক স্ট্যাবিলিটি

manoshik styabiliti

mixed-language noun phrase

A speaker’s term for the psychological steadiness/capacity needed to talk about difficult experiences.

মায়া; মহব্বত

maya; mohobbot

বিশেষ্য / nouns

Training-related affection makes approach easier; feeling maya motivates care and affectionate communication encourages going to a provider.

মায়ের আছর

mayer achhor

বিশেষ্যপদগুচ্ছ / noun phrase

The local speakers connect Mother Kali with a protruding tongue and a road-contact explanation.

মুখ কালা করা

mukh kala kora

Contextual expression; see lexical scope; Expression; context-specific phrase

In one account a son leaves with a darkened/crestfallen expression when struck instead of hitting back.

মুখ বন্ধ করে নিঃশ্বাস নেওয়া

mukh bondho kore nishshash neoa

instructional verbal phrase

A participant reports being told to take breaths with the mouth closed to reduce restlessness.

মৃগী; মির্গি; খিচুনি

mrigi; mirgi; khichuni

বিশেষ্য / nouns

A caregiver contrasts a doctor-attributed mirgi label with a healer-attributed jinn explanation.

মেন্টাল

mental; mendel; abnormal; psycho; sentimental; bekub

Loan adjective/person label; variant forms

A participant explicitly explains mendel as a pronunciation of mental.

মেন্টালিটির প্রবলেম

mentality-r problem; mentality-r shomossha

Borrowed noun plus problem phrase

A participant calls a husband’s hitting a mentality problem and explicitly identifies it as violence against women.

ম্যানিক এপিসোড

myanik episod

borrowed clinical noun phrase

A named episode in a clinician’s seasonal discussion, contrasted with depression or low mood.

যাদু

jadu

Named practices and attributed mechanisms; তাবিজ is an object noun.

One speaker compares kufri language, Kali-related formulae and ban; another explicitly aligns black magic with কুফরি কালাম.

যার মন আছে তার ধন নাই

jar mon achhe tar dhon nai

proverb; ethical contrast

A proverb contrasting a generous disposition with material means: willingness to help may exist without wealth, while wealth need not bring generosity.

রক্তের সাথে মিশে গেছে

rokter shathe mishe gechhe

expression / phrase

A reported provider explanation that illness has become mixed with the blood and therefore will not improve under his treatment.

রিয়েকশন করা

riyeksion kora

borrowed treatment-effect expression

A lay term for unwelcome changes attributed to medication.

রিলাপ্স

rilaps

borrowed clinical noun

A professional label for returning with problems after a period of medication use and subsequent stopping.

রেওয়াজ

reowaj

noun

An inherited custom offered as an explanation of healer use.

লজ্জাবোধ; দ্বিধাবোধ; কাচুমাচু

lojja-bodh; dwidha-bodh; kachumachu

Nouns; adjective/expressive manner word

An imam anticipates embarrassment with parents nearby and hesitation over remote disclosure.

লাইনে আসা; লাইনে আইতাসে না

laine aitase na

expression / phrase

Not returning to an expected manageable or improved state, used to explain why care cannot yet be called good.

লাইফে হেরে গেছে

laife here geche

figurative verbal phrase

A reported social judgement that someone who dies by suicide has lost in life and should be viewed with shame.

লুকোচুরি

lukochuri

বিশেষ্য; করা-সহ ক্রিয়াপদ / noun in verbal construction

Concealing or declining to discuss suicide.

শইলডা একদম পাতলা লাগছে

shoilda ekdom patla lagchhe

Expression; context-specific phrase

A felt bodily lightness or relief after reported ritual care.

শইল্লে রক্ত গরম

shoille rokto gorom

embodied metaphor/adjectival expression

Hot blood in the body is offered as a general explanation for young people acting without thinking during marital conflict.

শক / কারেন্টের শট

shok / current-er shot

borrowed noun / impact comparison

Shock language for damaging life events and a mismatch between his distress and treatment: like receiving medicine for burns after an electric shock; actual electrical injury is not established here.

শয়তান

shoytan

Nouns; শয়তান can also function as a person-directed label.

One speaker explains shaytan’s form through destructive human conduct.

শরীর ছাইড়া দিছে; মরা লাশের মতন শক্ত

shorir chhaira dichhe; mora lasher moton shokto

expression / phrase

Giving-way body and stiffness like a dead body describe physical deterioration after hospital care, while the caregiver explicitly remains unsure of its cause.

শরীর জ্বালাপোড়া; গায়ে জ্বালাপোড়া

shorir jwalapora; gaye jwalapora

Body-state phrases

শরীর ফিসফিস করে

shorir phishphish kore

Opaque bodily expressive construction

The body expression occurs beside burning soles, restlessness and no longer feeling well; the precise sensory quality is not explained.

শরীরের লোম খাড়া হয়ে যাইতো

shorirer lom khara hoye jaito

embodied fear expression

Fear expressed as body hair standing on end in the context of a frightening fire.

শালসা

shalsha

named care preparation

A named healer-provided preparation in a package that also includes an amulet and head-cooling oil.

field research everyday distress

শাস্তির মতো লাগা

shastir moto laga

burden simile

A punishment comparison for the caregiver’s experience of illness in the family, immediately linked to loss of sleep.

শিবের আছর

Shiber achhor

বিশেষ্যপদগুচ্ছ / noun phrase

Stepping on Mahadev’s shadow is reported as the consulted healer’s explanation.

শুকরিয়া; আল্লাহ্‌র উপর ভরসা

shukriya; Allah-r upor bhorsha

expression / phrase

Gratitude for life and reliance on God as provider expressed amid continuing material needs.

শেফা

shefa

বিশেষ্য / noun

A religious healing/recovery concept: the speaker calls amulets শেফা and links accepted practice to Quran-conforming recitation and action (the source transcript).

সঠিক অবস্থানে নেই

sothik obosthane nei

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

A provider’s expression for judging that someone is not in an expected state, illustrated by answers or actions that do not match questions or instructions.

সদকা

sodka

religious-care noun

Charitable giving described in families’ search for a patient’s recovery; the nurse reports disappointment despite giving.

সন্দেহ

shondeho; chalak otirikto chalak

Noun; evaluative adjective phrase

A woman links thoughts of dying to what she calls unjust spousal suspicion and describes public beatings and phone-related accusations.

সমালোচনা

shomalochona

Noun; evaluative speech

In these two turns, shomalochona refers to favorable comments about the speaker’s help and its perceived usefulness.

সম্মানী

sommani

বিশেষ্য / noun

An honorarium recognizing the work.

সরদার

sordar

বিশেষ্য / noun

A community leader named as a first contact when someone has a mental-health problem, as someone who settles disputes, and as a person consulted before training participation.

সহজলভ্য

sohojlobhyo

বিশেষণ / adjective

A care institution perceived as within working people’s reach, contrasted with the speaker’s earlier expectation of paying substantial consultation and associated costs.

সাইকোএডুকেশন

saikoedukeshon

borrowed clinical-care noun

Explanatory work with patients/families about medication and the relationship between their beliefs and clinical treatment.

সাইকোথেরাপি

saikotherapi

borrowed clinical-care noun

A named component of psychiatric treatment, without a described method in the selected extract.

সাইকোসিস

saikosis

borrowed clinical noun

A professional state label with separately attested substance-related and post-delivery uses, and an explicit contrast with some jinn-labelled presentations.

সাইবার বুলিং

saibar buling

borrowed social-harm noun phrase

A named online social harm which the trainee considers relevant to mental health.

সাউন্ড স্পিকার

sound spikar

Borrowed device noun used in an explanatory phrase

A caregiver says that an internal sound speaker, said to exist in everyone, is damaged and produces paglami.

সান্ত্বনা; মনের স্বান্তনা; সান্তনা দেওয়া

moner shantona; shantona

expression / phrase

Consolation or reassurance: one account presents it as parents’ reason for trying more providers; another describes offering verbal support in self-harm situations.

সিজোফ্রেনিয়া; স্কিজোফ্রেনিয়া

sijofreniya; skijofreniya

বিশেষ্য/রোগনাম / clinical noun

An unlabelled discussion turn reports a diagnosis; a separate post-training turn recalls the name.

সিন্নি

sinni

Noun; named ritual provision or payment

The caregiver reports paying money described as সিন্নির ট্যাকা after a kabiraj said that doing so would calm the son.

সিম্প্যাথি / এম্প্যাথি

simpyathi / empyathi

borrowed care-attitude nouns

Caring attitudes associated with listening to and exploring patients’ stories.

সুখ

sukh

Noun; positive feeling and lived adequacy

Asked what is good about living in the area, the respondent says that hardship and happiness coexist.

সুপরামর্শ; আদর দিয়া বুঝাইয়া

suporamorsho; ador diya bujhaiya

noun and verbal expression; supportive guidance

Supportive guidance toward care, including affectionate explanation and accompaniment.

সেটেল / শান্ত করা

setel / shanto kora

care action / verb phrase

Calming a person during an agitated or violent situation.

সেন্স; জ্ঞান বুদ্ধি; ব্রেনে ক্যাচ করেনা; দিশা জ্ঞান নাই

sense; gyan buddhi; brain-e catch kore na; disha gyan nai

Borrowed noun; noun cluster; negative verb/state phrases

স্টিগ্মা; স্টিগমা

stigma

borrowed noun; related borrowed verb form

Clinicians and interviewers name negative social meanings attached to mental illness, psychiatric care and the specialty itself, including barriers to seeking care or choosing the profession.

স্বাধীন চাই

shadhin chai

reported autonomy demand

A repeated demand for freedom attributed to the son during severe distress.

স্বাভাবিক; স্বাভাবিকমতো

shabhabik; shabhabikmoto

বিশেষণ; ক্রিয়াবিশেষণ / adjective and adverbial form

In one setting, an aspiration to live and work as others do; in other settings, returning to an ordinary state after illness or helping someone settle after a fall.

স্বামীর শোক; শোক

swamir shok; shok

noun/noun phrase; grief

Grief associated with a husband, listed with financial hardship as an explanation for suicidal behavior.

স্লিপিং ডিসওর্ডার; ঘুম হচ্ছে না

sliping disordar; ghum hochchhe na

রোগশ্রেণিবাচক পদগুচ্ছ; বাক্যাংশ / clinical category phrase; complaint

One provider lists the borrowed category; another reports patients’ sleeplessness alongside worry.

হাইপো

haipo

Borrowed shortened medical expression; noun-like state label

A shortened state label used next to a claim that potassium falls during hot weather; the Bangla does not state a complete diagnostic term.

হাত পা কাপে; শরীর কাপে

hat pa kape; shorir kape

Expression; context-specific phrase

Trembling of limbs or body.

হাত পা খিচ্চা আইয়া পড়া

hat pa khichcha aiya pora

bodily movement expression

A description of limbs drawing up and being impossible to move after treatment, with another account using a paralysis-like comparison.

হাত পাতা; হাত বাড়ানো

hat pata; hat barano

বাগ্‌ভঙ্গি; ক্রিয়াপদ / idiomatic verb constructions

Asking others for small sums to live on after attempts to obtain work fail; the speaker contrasts this practice with the paid work she wanted.

হাতুরি ডাক্তার; হাতুড়ি ডাক্তার; হাতুড়া ডাক্তার

haturi daktar; haturi daktar; hatura daktar

Contextual expression; see lexical scope

An evaluative name for a local medical practitioner.

হাদিয়া

hadiya

noun; gift/remuneration

A voluntary gift to a hujur, distinguished by this imam from a fixed charge.

হামছি ধামছি

hamchi dhamchi

expression / phrase

In this turn, hamchi-dhamchi describes threatening or demonstrative behavior while the caregiver denies actual hitting.

হাল ছেড়ে দেওয়া

hal chhere deoa

বাগধারা / verbal idiom

To give up hope or effort after earlier treatment, as the worker describes a family concluding that the person will not improve (the source transcript, a source record).

হালুয়া

halua

Noun; named food or preparation

A prepared substance called halua is described as being eaten for bodily/limb pain, and later as something given to a son-in-law in a loosely framed mental-illness and family/reproductive narrative.

হিংসা

hingsha

noun; envy/rivalry

Envy or rivalry between providers, offered as a reason they do not work together.

হিরহিরায়

hirhiray

expression / phrase

An uncomfortable limb sensation described as hirhir, occurring in an account of injections, burning and difficulty moving; the precise sensory quality is not resolved.